Domestic Violence in slavic communities Dissertation

Abusive behavior at home in slavic networks - Dissertation Example It likewise asserts that females being dependent upon viciousness the world over fluctuate in the scope of â€Å"20 to 50 percent from nation to country† (Khan, 2000). This unmistakably underscores the gravity of the issue. Another significant worry in going up against this issue appears to originate from the way that ladies, when all is said in done, need mindfulness about the security just as the recovery programs accessible to them. Linda Chamberlain and Julie Ann Rivers-Chchran find that there have been broad promotion programs for ladies and offspring of abusive behavior at home, however the quantity of individuals who require this administration far surpasses the assets accessible. In this way, the backers currently think that its increasingly fitting to center regard for grow â€Å"the extent of their work past direct casualty administrations to incorporate prevention† (Chamberlain, 2011). Consequently, this writing survey has brought to front a legitimate though t for arranging the endeavors towards anticipation also instead of simply supporting the people in question. So far as it identifies with the issue from the viewpoint of criminal equity, scientists fight that it has consistently been found with regards to rebuffing the culprit instead of from the point perspective on organizing suitable arrangements to help to the people in question.

Crusades Essay -- essays research papers

In 109 The First Crusade was propelled by Christians with the help of the Roman Catholic Church in order to recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims. The Crusades emerged out of medieval society in the eleventh century, offering crusaders opportunity experience and a potential monetary increase. Pope Urban II gave a discourse to the congregation heads and nobles in France, instructing them to save their kindred Christians from the Muslims. He guaranteed them everlasting life in paradise in the event that they went. The Crusades weren’t began for no obvious explanation, their were numerous reasons for the main campaign and numerous impacts.      The campaigns were chiefly coordinated to Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulcher.(West 5) Jerusalem was taken by the caliph Umar in the seventh century, and from the get-go in the eleventh century Fatmid caliph Hakim started to oppress the Christians and pillage the Holy Sepulcher. (Colombia 1) In 1004 the caliph Cairo of Cairo requested the demolition of the congregation and Holy Sepulcher, yet child after he announced himself to be god, and the Muslims got ride of him, the Greek sovereign was allowed to reconstruct the Holy Sepulcher.      The new soul of experience in the workmanship, writing and activities of the western Europeans turned into a reason for the expansion of journeys to the heavenly grounds. Europe was in a time of development and its inclination for war and triumph had developed during the long stretches of fighting off the attacks of the Magyars, Viking and Saracens. The soul of strict change that prompted the Investiture Controversy prompted an expansion in well known otherworldliness. Individuals currently needed to take an interest effectively and accomplish something out of appreciation for their god.(Nelson 1) The various gatherings of European culture added to the reason for the campaigns. The gentry ended up losing the significance they once had when they remained among Europe and its assailant. They required more land and began to battle with one another over it, their numbers were developing on the grounds that there we no longer misfortunes in fights.( Nelson 1) In 1054 the Church split into eastern and western associations and the popes needed to recuperate that split. They were additionally associated with the Investiture Controversy and were searching for partners. White collar classes realized they could get rich by removing of the Byzantines and taking the benefits for themselves that byzantine dealers had been making on exchange with them.(Nel... ...utman 3) The mix of these societies brought about the development of the windmill, the compass, explosive, and tickers. The Pope considered the To be as an approach to declare Church impact as a bringing together power, with was as a strict crucial. This was another mentality to religion and it brought strict control, beforehand relevant to priests, to soldiery. Muslim engineers started to copy the European pointed curve, and Europeans took in Greek medication from the Muslims. They likewise took in military strategies from each other. Because of learning new military methodologies and joining themselves against one reason, the Muslims built up a more grounded strict country, which additionally helped the decrease of feudalism and the Byzantine realm. The First Crusade was the main campaign that accomplished more than brief outcomes and is the main campaign to eventually succeed.  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â

Learning to Write With Lined Paper

Learning to Write With Lined PaperLearning to write with lined paper for learning to write requires some dedication and patience. Over time, you will be using the lined paper more. Before you know it, you will have several scores of sheets full of writing, where the writing is easy and is improving day by day.There are many techniques to writing with lined paper for learning to write. However, the most common is to use a ball point pen on the lined paper to write the words and insert them between the lines. It is important to understand that the lined paper is not lined at all.On the lined paper is a thick area which looks like a pattern. When you write down the words on the lined paper, they do not appear in any sort of order. There are no set number of letters in each word and no fixed punctuation marks. The word will come out word by word, either in order or not.This is very difficult and it takes more time to write the words down properly when they are not in any sort of order. W ith this in mind, it is essential to get over this initial hurdle of learning to write with lined paper for learning to write.Some writers also learn to write with lined paper by first writing the letters in the correct order, but before they have the habit of lining the paper, the writer may want to write the whole article in the beginning. Doing this allows the reader to try out the words without any need to line the paper. Eventually, the writer will find that lining the paper is much easier and much less frustrating.Another technique that is used by writers who are learning to write with lined paper for learning to write is the trend to start out writing in one of the lower positions. As the writer learns to write more words with a pencil and paper, the writer can then move the pencil closer to the lines so that the words are as close to the lines as possible.Writing with lined paper also requires the writer to write the words as quickly as possible. If the writer cannot fit the words on the lined paper within a few seconds, the writer must stop and look for the space where they could fit the words.With practice, the writer can learn to write with lined paper for learning to write and use the technique when they write their next article. Learning to write with lined paper also makes a good creative outlet for writers who can not write in words or who have an addiction to words. Writing with lined paper can be a great outlet for writers who use lined paper to try out various ideas and doodles.

Ufos Fact Or Myth Essays - Contactees, Travis Walton UFO Incident

Ufo's: Fact Or Myth? Profound Throat: A military UFO? Mr. Mulder, for what reason are those such as yourself, who have confidence in the presence of extra earthbound life on this Earth, not prevented by all the proof actually? Mulder: Because, all the proof despite what might be expected, isn't altogether dissuasive. Profound Throat: Precisely. Mulder: They're here, right? Profound Throat: Mr. Mulder, they've been here for a long, long time. Said on the hit show The X-Files. Writ. What's more, push. Chris Carter (FOX) Radars get bizarre signs regular and a portion of the shuttle are not unmistakable. Are there unusual specialties from space conveying minimal green men, or would they say they are extraordinary government creates, stayed to be stayed quiet? Perhaps both. Who truly knows without a doubt? UFO's, unidentified flying items, are an anomaly to us all, regardless of whether you don't accept they exist. UFO's initially showed up more than 103 years back. (Andy 28) A specialty evidently collided with a windmill tower and detonated in Aurora, Texas. A portion of the material that was recouped had odd hieroglyphic images on it. Since 1897, there have been a large number of sightings everywhere throughout the world. From California to New Zealand and Sicily. The most acclaimed crash in UFO history was the accident in Roswell, New Mexico in 1947, in which an Army base gave a public statement saying it had discovered a flying circle. (Fox 48) There are around 500 occupants who are as yet living who apparently saw the supposed outsider rocket crash in New Mexico. The Army initially said the Roswell episode was the aftereffect of a radar reflector from a climate expand hitting the Earth. (Related Press A.6) The legislature later conceded the clarification was bogus, however would not say what had occurred. Five bodies were expelled from the specialty and they were portrayed as little with enormous heads with skin an orange/yellow shading. The Army discovered weird flotsam and jetsam which comprised of a foil like substance, balsa wood like pillars, and a peculiar kind of string, which the sheep would not go close. (Andy 30) Forty-nine percent of the individuals surveyed in a present Life survey imagine that the U.S. Government is denying data of people in general about the presence of UFO's. (Fox 56) The U.S. Government has been attempting to expose any presence of UFO's. There have been many solicitations made by the administration so as to become familiar with these supposed UFO's, for example, the Freedom of Information Act Requests, which have mentioned all reports relating to Unidentified Flying Objects or the UFO wonder and all records relating to Unidentified Aerial Objects, or UAO's. (Greenwald 3) Have you at any point had memory slips? Unusual markings on your body you've never observed? You may have the side effects of an outsider abductee. Numerous specialists think outsider snatching is really rest loss of motion, hundreds case they've had encounters like outsider kidnapping. (Fox 54) People who have really guaranteed that they have been kidnapped, don't imagine that is consistently the situation. On November 5, 1975, a gathering of lumberjacks who were investigating the mountains of northern Arizona watched an abnormal, splendid light in the sky. They drove nearer, to investigate the specialty. One of the lumberjacks, Travis Walton, escaped the truck and as he strolled toward the item, he was struck by a light emission. His companion, Mike Rogers, believed that he was dead and fled in dread. Subsequent to driving for a short separation, different specialists in the truck constrained him to return and search for Travis. At the point when they arrived, there was no indication of the article or Travis. They revealed the experience to the police the following day and the police imagined that they had made up the story to conceal the homicide of Travis Walton. For five days, the specialists mounted a manhunt looking for Travis or his body. The police mentioned that the men take a polygraph test to clear their names. The principal test was uncertain, yet the second said that they were, indeed, coming clean. (Kosmo 5) On November tenth, five days after the kidnapping, Travis' brother by marriage got a call from Travis and he went to get him a couple of miles outside of

Essay --

Database Security: Database security is a basic Domain of Computer and Information Security that manages insurance of an individual database or gathering of database from illicit access, infusions or conceivable obliteration. Information can be a client's data, licensed innovation, money related resource or any number of different records that can be kept up and overseen on a framework. Without Database security individuals are in danger of personality misrepresentation, robbery, pulverization of property and much more regrettable. The worldwide expenses of such security penetrates runs from over a billions of dollars yearly, and the expense to singular organizations can be outrageous, here and there awful. One of the most mainstream strategy for insurance of database incorporates putting away a reinforcement in an auxiliary area or datacenter. The Advantage of putting away reinforcement in auxiliary area is the procedure of reclamation and harm anticipation if there should be an occurrence of information pulverization or calamity at Primary source . A firm’s database foundation frequently contains the most significant information and are exposed to a wide scope of assaults. A portion of the dangers to database security are over the top and unused benefits, SQL Injection, DoS and so forth. Extreme and Unused benefits is the point at which somebody in the firm is allowed database benefits that surpasses the necessity of their activity work, these benefits may at some point be manhandled. A genuine model for Excess and Unused Privilege can be a University System Administrator who’s essential capacity is to keep up understudy data, yet because of exorbitant benefits might approach change of Student’s grades. Another model could be of a representative with access to HR database get to, leaving the association I... ... The utilization of convenient gadgets are making the greater part of the associations manage higher hazard from programmers accessing delicate information. Database are predominantly focused by assailants since it contains high volume of significant and conceivably basic information. The most ideal approach to conquer these hazard are through putting away significant data as reinforcements and making sure about information transmission over open system. Association should set up firewalls between company’s intranet and web so as to hinder any outside gadget access into the system . With all being said association ought to persistently teach their workers about the dangers and keep a track and secure the compact gadgets utilized by IT staff. On the off chance that such safety efforts are actualized by an association they can guarantee that basic and significant data could be less helpless to vulnerabilities.

Stuart Diamond’s Getting More Chapters Analysis 11-13 - 550 Words

Stuart Diamond's Getting More: Negotiation, the Chapters Analysis 11-13 (Research Paper Sample) Content: Students nameInstructors nameCourseDateNegotiationAfter profound reading of Stuart Diamonds Getting More, I decided to base my analysis on the chapters 11, 12, and 13, which appeared to be the most interesting for me.According to Chapter 11, most relationship problems do not require professionals, and can be solved by simple communication. It is very important to develop your listening skills, learn to accept another partys viewpoint, and discuss controversial issues in a calm tone. I enjoyed the passage, where Stuart Diamond claims that simple complains about bad weather or traffic delays are attempts to find a common enemy, to bring the two parties closer together. He provides an example of Adolf Hitler,who made Jewish people the common enemy, which resulted into the Holocaust. In fact, this method is used very often, and greatly helps to develop long-lasting relationships. Usually, close relations are based on different emotional payments. Being tolerant, valuing o ther parties, reducing their fears, respecting the others beliefs, and helping them to save face will help you to become perfect friend and negotiator. According to the author, to conduct successful negotiations, you should use trading items of unequal value after providing a person with emotional payments. I think that sometimes the negotiation tools, which are advised by professor, require too much efforts or time and are not worth using. For example, the situation of Aleksandr Hromcenco, who wanted to buy a toy soldier for $600. To get the wifes approval he agreed to take their child to and from school for the entire month. If we forget about his family responsibility to look after the child, Aleksandrs agreement turns out to be a great loss of energy and time. Secondly, Stuart Diamond provided a story of his former student, who managed to persuade her husband to take better care of their children. The author claims that she managed it after pointing out that husbands friends pro vided significant care for their children. As far as I know, men hate being compared with others and are usually insulted after that. In my opinion, this chapter, as well as many others, provides rather superficial insight of the issue, and hasnt got so much scientific value as some other works on relationship (e.g. Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus by John Grey).In Chapter 12, Stuart Diamond helps parents to deal with the childrens tantrums and to avoid misunderstanding and insults in their relationships. To my mind, a great number of them are really very useful and fresh. I enjoyed the idea of doing projects together, making lists and playing role-reversal games. Such kinds of family entertainment, emotional payments, and trust seem to be essential for the formation of a happy family. According to Stuart Diamond, the first thing parents should do is to figure out the picture in the head of your child. As it was discussed in the previous chapter about relationship, we need to try asking more questions, rather than making assumptions. Secondly, children usually feel unsecure because of their great dependence on parents. The best way out is to increase their power, give them a right to choose and make them to feel more independent. I was positively surprised with the authors idea about Plan B, which explains the tantrums and crying of children. It happens not because the child has less developed communication skills, but because he or she was insulted or mistreated. Understanding, emotional payments, providing children with more power and sense of control will deprive parents from dealing with such awkward moments. Consequently, the negotiations with children will become much easier. Moreover, parents should understand that sometimes it is essential to indulge some childrens whims, such as watching TV or playing computer games, because it is a way for them to deal with stress. Constant forbidding these trifles greatly insults children and validates their feelings. Try to Make it about their needs as much as yours, to listen to your children, and to discuss with them their wishes, goals and failures. The result would be impressive. However, the chapter comprises some passages, which seem to me rather irrelevant or improbable. I reckon that an establishment of the point system and trading items of unequal value somewhat resemble me a kind of bribe or bargain. At first glance, the process seems to be fair to both children and parents, but I still believe this rewards and punishment system decreases childs motivation over some period of time. Children still need to obey some unwritten rules without any trading. Moreover, some Diamonds advice appears to be self-evident and even ridiculous. It gives the feeling that Getting More actually lacks the spirit of scientific study. Things like every individual is different, children want to be treated more like adults, more emotions mean less listening are well-known facts and do not need commen taries. As for me, some stories are rather implausible or even naà ¯ve, especially the passage about Jon Rogerss children. It is not so easy so stop constant fights between small children with the help of one talk, even though you possess magical rhetoric skills. Plenty of parents work hard to cope with this problem for years, and usually fail in their attempts.In Chapter 13, Stuart Diamond offers advice how to cope with the difficulties, when you are traveling. First of all, you need to remain patient and persistent, while persuading service representative to help you. Ensure the party that you are a loyal customer, be polite, provide details, and use framing to gain your aim. I suppose, it is also a great idea to differentiate yourself by being proactive, offering help and future investment in the relationship. It would be very useful to find out some latest news about the travel agency, to learn about its standards, special kinds of discounts and perks. One more valuable piece o f advice is to remain calm and never make attempts to threaten or blackmail service representatives. They are not responsible for all your misfortunes and travel vicissitudes. Frightening them with ending the relationship unless they do you a favor reminds of threatening your spouse with divorce every time you have an argument. Stuart Diamond claims that over some period of time service staff will not believe you. It is better to talk about your investment into relationship instead. Nonetheless, some pieces of advice I would take with the grain of salt. The author says: Ask for exceptions to politics it should become second nature. I think people should understand that travel representatives still have limited power, and annoing them everytime you want to cut the price or get some benefits, shows your selfish and mercenary attitude. As well as in the previous chapters, some srories seem improbable, especially the one with Arjun Madans father and the missing flight. I believe he man aged to save $200 not only by virtue of negotiation tools, but more of f...

Crime and Punishment Essay - 1717 Words

Crime at its simplest is an act prohibited by law upon pain of punishment (Hall-Williams 1964). Theorists such as McCabe (1983:49) stated that no word in legal and criminological terms could define the word crime for the varying content in which an act is categorised. Due to the broad spectrum surrounding crime, differing understandings about human subjects and premises lead to the development of several theories, assumptions and forms of criminal law. Michael and Adler (1933:2) are often cited as an example of the legal description of crime: â€Å"the most precise and least ambiguous definition of crime is that which defines it as behaviour which is often prohibited by the criminal code†. The extending of the definition of crime is heavily†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, Paul Tappan is another example of defining ‘crime’. With a background as a sociologist and a lawyer he’s approach seperates crime in the defintion of a sociologist and as a lawyer. Tappan (1947) accepts that all sorts of ‘conduct norms’ and their violations were legitimately able to be studied by sociologists while, criminal law provides a precise type of these conduct norms to be considered a crime where â€Å"Crime is an intentional act in violation of the cirminal law commited without defense or excuse and penalized by the state as a felony or misdemeanor† (Tappan 1947:100). Due to his understandin g of crime being reinforced through his background in both law and sociology, he’s view on defining crime originates from differing perspectives. If crime was viewed as Tappan, criminology would be the study of violations of criminal law; it is limited to be defined by the state, while disicplines such as sociology could be seen on a broader scale with a range of rules and violations of crime. Sociologists began to question the defintion of crime and many more took up the challenge of defining it in hopes of extending the concept of crime to cover various kinds of misbehaviour not presently covered by the criminal law system. In 1970, HermanShow MoreRelatedDostoyevskys Crime And Punishment1447 Words   |  6 PagesDostoyevsky s Crime and Punishment relies heavily on Raskolnikov’s motivation for committing the crime. To the casual reader, the motives are straightforward–he wants to find out if he, like Napoleon, is an extraordinary man; wants to rid society of the pawnbroker, the louse; wants simply to lift himself from debt with the money he stole. But these explanations do not strike the heart of the matter: there is a deeper cause. The ultimate reason behind Raskolnikov’s violent murder of the pawnbrokerRead MoreReview Of Crime And Punishment 824 Words   |  4 PagesIn Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov is depicted as â€Å"crushed by poverty, bu t the anxieties of his position had of late ceased to weigh upon him† (Dostoyevsky 3). During 1861, the Emancipation Reform had recently taken place. The economy was suffering and the need for money became crucial. The protagonist of the novel, Raskolnikov, struggles to earn money, which associates with his behavior. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, the author of the novel, considers Raskolnikov a divided character with different opinionsRead MoreCrime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky1025 Words   |  4 PagesCrime and Punishment, written by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky; is a philosophical crime fiction novel. The story is very powerful in that it goes beyond the book and into the lives of the audience; making the audience feel some type of relation between themselves and the story. Dostoevsky was brilliant in creating a fictional world where the characters seem to be found within the audience, transitioning from a fictional story to a self-help book. He employes many life lessons in the story, whichRead MoreCrime and Punishment vs. The Stranger1438 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the novels Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky and The Stranger by Albert Camus, sun, heat, and light play a significant role in the development and understanding of the novel and the characters in it. Upon the initial reading of The Stranger, the reader may have a general acknowledgment of a relationship between the novel’s protagonist, Mersault, and the sun and heat, either proceeding or following one of the novels significant events. What is harder to understand on the first readRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Crime And Punishment 1709 Words   |  7 Pagesthe principles they live by. In Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky explores contrasting ways of response to adversity. In the novel, there are those who don’t commit crimes while facing the hardships of life, like Sonia, Lizaveta, and Mikolka. Those like Raskolnikov, however, try to change the elements of life that provide challenges by taking drastic measures to modify society and life: by murdering an opportunist pawnbroker in his case. When reading Crime and Punishment, one can see that the differenceRead MoreUtilitarianism In Dostoevskys Crime And Punishment770 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel Crime and Punishment the main characters Raskolnikov, Svid, and Sonya embody different philosophies. Throughout the novel you can tell which philosophies Dostoevsky likes and dislikes depending on the character. Sonya represents religion, Raskolnikov represents utilitarianism, and Svid represents a utilitarian hedonist. Throughout this novel these characters help to describe the psychology of a criminal and paint the path between crime and punishment. This novel is told almost entirelyRead More The Struggle in Crime and Punishment Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesThe Struggle in Crime and Punishment Reading this book makes you ill because from the beginning to the end you watch as psychological forces eat away at the thoughts and actions of their victim causing him to finally confess to the hideous crime he has committed. The story is basically the struggle between Raskolnikovs Napoleon-à ¼bermensch theory and his conscience which make him confess to his crime. Dostoevskys genius is in describing how Raskolnikov struggles in his thoughts and actionsRead More Crime and Punishment Essay examples1327 Words   |  6 PagesCrime and Punishment In his book â€Å"Crime and Punishment†, Dostoevsky explores the path of Raskolnikov who has many problems and obstacles throughout his life. He commits murder and is faced with the long and mentally extremely painful journey of seeking redemption. Raskolnikov believes that by a law of nature men have been â€Å"somewhat arbitrarily† divided into two groups of â€Å"ordinary† and â€Å"extraordinary†. Raskolnikov believes that the duty of the ordinary group is to just exist, in order to formRead MoreCrime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky881 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Divide In Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Raskolnikov faces a split in his con-science. Despite his attempts to achieve and maintain rational self interest, Raskolnikov finds it impossible to escape his own human nature. Throughout the course of the novel, Raskolnikov becomes divided between modernity and morality, and is continuously pulled back towards hu-man nature. From the start, Raskolnikov portrayed clearly that he was not like other people from his time. RaskolnikovRead MoreDostoevsky s Crime And Punishment1349 Words   |  6 PagesFyodor Dostoevsky wrote â€Å"Crime and Punishment† in 1866, during a time of Russian history where there was a convergence of several different, and oftentimes contradictory, political, philosophical, and economic ideologies. Not only was this a period of many conflicting sentiments, it was also a time of great change, with the Russian government implementing several reforms that changed the course of the country forever. One such reform was the freeing of the serfs under Alexander the II, Tsar of Russia

Apush Sectionalism - 770 Words

Sectionalism: 1820-1850 Into what three regions was the US divided into during this time period? †¢ North: Consisted of two main pieces o The Northeast: New England and Mid-Atlantic states o The Old Northwest: Ohio to Minnesota †¢ South: States that permitted slavery †¢ West: West of the Mississippi, eventually stretching to California What do you need to know about the industrial northeast? †¢ Good transportation †¢ Plentiful manufacturing labor from immigration †¢ Economy based on commercial agriculture and manufacturing †¢ Highest population of the three regions †¢ Urban population o Grew from 5% of the population in 1800 to 15% of the economy in 1850 o†¦show more content†¦tion o Faster and cheaper transportation o Famine and revolution in Europe o Growing reputation of the US as a land of economic opportunity †¢ Immigration from Europe increased: 8,000 in 1820 to 428,000 in 1854 †¢ Many stayed in Northeast port cities †¢ Others moved to the Old Northwest †¢ Irish immigrants o Over 2 million by 1880 o Most were tenant farmers driven of land by the potato famine in the 1840s o Faced discrimination in the US for being Catholic o Came to US cities in search of manufacturing jobs o Tended to form Irish communities in cities were they landed (Boston, Philly, NY) o Irish immigrants organized themselves to control local Democratic party organizations o By the 1850’s the Irish controlled Tammy Hall, NY City’s Democratic Party organization †¢ Germans o Over 1 million by 1850 o Tended to come over with more money than Irish immigrants o Moved westward upon arrival in search of cheap, fertile land o Established prosperous settlements in the Old Northwest †¢ Nativists o Many â€Å"native-born† Americans disliked large number of immigrants ââ€" ª Competition for jobs ââ€" ª Fear of weakening American culture o Tended to be protestants who disliked Catholic immigration o The Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner: secret anti-foreign organizationShow MoreRelatedThe Missouri Compromise Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿APUSH DBQ Although the aftereffects of the era of good feelings dominated the beginning of the time period and compromises were at first effective, sectionalism over national subjects, especially slavery, led to a crisis in which compromises often meant more increase in political tensions. (Doc F) Sectionalism abruptly increased in the 1820 and 1830s with The Missouri Compromise and the Tallmadge Amendment. Tallmadges radical proposition was that Missouri gradually emancipated its slaves andRead MoreThe Differences Between The North And South1199 Words   |  5 PagesDrew Quinto Mrs. Toneatti APUSH Period 3 December 5, 2014 After half a century of development and growth, Americans witnessed an inevitable issue that threatened the state of the Union. The nation was created on a number of compromises and agreements made between the founding fathers. Since the early days of the Union, compromises have been the solution to various disputes in the young nation. However as the time in the 1800s progressed, the increasing sectionalism primarily caused by slaveryRead MoreA Brief Note On The War Of 1812946 Words   |  4 PagesAuset Gibbs January 27, 2015 APUSH The War of 1812 According to Washington National Intelligencer, â€Å"The final step ought to be taken, and that step is WAR. By what course of measures we have reached the presents crisis, is not now a question for patriots and freeman to discuss. It exists: and it is by open mainly war only that we can get through it with honor and advantage to the country.† The War of 1812 was military a conflict between the United States of America, France, and Great BritainRead MoreThe Bill Of 1846 : The Greatest Achievement Of Totalitarian Rule1452 Words   |  6 PagesJulia Szurnicki APUSH December 1, 2014 Gelb Chapter 14 1. The bill of 1846, was most likely the greatest achievement of militaristic rule. However the Wilmot Proviso, giving millions of dollars for negotiating,is the encompassment of the U.S urge for bureaucratic and calm compromise lacking the call of war, the Wilmot Proviso had no place in the bill of 1846. The Proviso stated that any territory from Mexico should be a free state, and should have slavery banned. Unfortunately itRead MoreNative American Culture Before Columbus2672 Words   |  11 PagesAPUSH 1st Semester Final Exam Study Guide 1. Describe Native American culture before Columbus The Native Americans had built several large empires that thrived in South and Central America that we based off of farmers who stayed in one place so that larger numbers of people could gather in cities. There were mostly nomadic tribes and small groups roaming in North America and there were few large tribes that ruled anywhere near as much are as those in South America. 2. Importance of the Mayflower

How to Say Goodbye in Russian, Pronunciation and Examples

College Has Changed Me At The University Of Arizona

Before attending the University of Arizona, I felt a need to set a specific goal to achieve in ten years later. The collegiate journey was more different than I aspect. With far more about many options in careers, I had realized that broader goals could help me explore what actually interest me the most. Before I started college, I had chosen pre-physiology. However, I am majoring in biomedical engineering now and really enjoy taking engineering courses. Currently, I have broadened my horizons to consider both graduate and medical schools unlike before. Before, I never believed that one can change goals so rapidly. Now, college has changed me. With the help of scholarships like AAFASAA, I have the chance to get more involved with the community. Thus I am re-applying for this scholarship because it had created many impacts upon my new life as a college student. By participating in the AAFASAA events last summer, I formed mentoring relationship with many upperclassmen and faculty, who then later introduce me to be a part of the Asian community. Also, I feel the eagerness to learn more about the Asian clubs in the UA to build up my Asian identity. Currently, I am an active member is the Society of Asian Scientists and Engineers (SASE), APAMSA, and Vietnamese Students Association club. I also joined the EDGE program to receive some help in the transition to college. These clubs have many different events such as career building, teaming, or getting help with research. The clubsShow MoreRelatedFamily Is The Most Significant Impact On My Life876 Words   |  4 PagesFamily is my everything. Family has shaped both my character a nd my identity; however, my sister has had the most significant impact on me. My sister, Jordan, and I grew up as any typical sisters would. We never saw eye to eye and fought over who borrowed whose shirt. That all changed the summer going into my freshman year of high school and her freshman year of college. Jordan’s dream college was Arizona State University and unfortunately we were still living in Colorado at the time. My family wasRead MoreEssay on Profile of a Person1649 Words   |  7 PagesRaphael Colmanette 1 Dr.McDonough 10/16 First Year Writing Clash Of Cultures There are a lot of people around Belmont University with different concepts, different goals, different experiences, different cultures, but most important, different methods of thinking. When I realized that I would need to write a profile of someone else, I thought it would be the easiest essay that I have ever done. 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At the beginning of the semester I wasn’t sure whether or not I wanted to further my education at a four year university, or successfully complete my AA degree and then enter

An Analysis of How Fear of the Unknown Affects Characters...

An Analysis of How Fear of the Unknown Affects Characters in Hamlet Hamlets famous To be or not to be soliloquy in Act 3, Scene 1 provides the context for several of the characters actions. It is a soliloquy about fearing the unknown that lies waiting on the other side of the grave (are we punished and/or rewarded according to our actions on earth?) and as Hamlet reasons, Conscience does make cowards of us all (3.1.2). In other words, Hamlet feels that he is unable to act because of the haunting voice of doubt inside him. He doubts that he would find peace in the afterlife should he kill himself. He doubts the events he sees before his very eyes and so cannot exact revenge as the spirit of his father urges him to do. Yet, as Hamlet begins to unravel, other characters expose their doubts as well, revealing how they too are troubled by the unknown. King Claudius reveals his troubled conscience after witnessing the play and wonders what he has done; Hamlets mother tries to block out the reality of the situation she has entered into when Hamlet attacks her with what he knows (not knowing is better than knowing, she feels). This paper will examine the ways in which the unknown affects the actions of the characters in Hamlet and show that at the heart of each character is an unwillingness to confront the unknown (which is oftentimes themselves). Fear of the unknown arises in the very beginning scene of the play with the appearance of the ghost of Hamlets father.Show MoreRelatedInsane Characters In Edgar Allan Poe And The Shining By Stephen King1569 Words   |  7 PagesDrawn to the Unknown Insane characters add a thrilling and exciting twist on stories such as Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe and The Shining by Stephen King. There is something that appeals to people about a character that goes completely crazy and then does some rash things as a result of his or her insanity. The reason that people are attracted to characters that go completely out of their mind is because no one knows how to predict what is going to happen next. Many people find situationsRead MoreSeminar: Literary Theory Applied to H.P. Lovecraft-Notably â€Å"the Beast in the Cave†6821 Words   |  28 PagesBuena VistA university | A Theoretical Analysis of H.P. Lovecraft’s â€Å"Beast in the Cave† | Senior Seminar | | Cory J. Dahlstrom | 7/28/2012 | H.P. Lovecraft has been called â€Å"one of the best, worst authors of our century.† In the following paper, I will explore his earliest work, â€Å"The Beast in the Cave,† a story written when he was around fifteen years old. 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Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce DiversityRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesOrganizational Theory takes you on a joyful ride through the developments of one of the great enigmas of our time – How should we understand the organization? Jan Ole Similà ¤, Assistant Professor, Nord-Trà ¸ndelag University College, Norway I really enjoyed this new text and I am sure my students will enjoy it, too. It combines rigorous theoretical argument with application and consideration of how managment practice is formed and shaped by ideas and concepts. 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For both the customer and the vendor, continually changing products and services challenge their institution’s ability to absorb and make use of the new elements. What can marketing do to buffer these

Contractual Relationship Australian Contract Law

Question: Describe about the Contractual Relationship for Australian Contract Law. Answer: Solution 1 Issue The two basic issues that arose are: Whether Wendy has any contractual relationship with Dave and can claim $3,000? Whether Wendy has any contractual relationship with Bill and can claim $2,000? Relevant law A contract is a kind of agreement which has legality in law. Thus, whenever any contract is established amid the parties then the basic contractual requirements are: Agreement When a valid offer is made by an offeror to an offeree which is accepted by such an offeree then an agreement is made (Smith v Hughes (1871). An offer is valid when an offeror communicates his intention to an offeree, clearly and unambiguously, wherein he specifies the task he intents the offeree to undertake or forgo (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893). When such valid offer is affirmed by an offeree without any changes then such approval is a valid acceptable in law Crown vClarke (1927). (J Clark, 2012) Consideration Every agreement is accompanied by some valuable support which is made in exchange of the promises made by the offeror and the offeree and is called consideration (Australian Woollen Mills v The Commonwealth (1954). Consideration makes an agreement enforceable and in absence of a consideration the promises are just gratuitous in nature. (Moles Sanha, 1998) Capacity of the parties the parties must be of sound mind and major to make a valid contract. Intention to be in legal relationship Legal intention specifies that when an offer and offeree are exchanging promises then the same must be done with the intention to abide by the same legally, that is, to enforce the promises in the court of law in the event of dispute. This legal intention is very important to convert any agreement into a valid contract (Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd v KS Easter (Holdings) Pty Ltd (1989). There is a general presumption, that whenever the contractual parties are in family relationship then they do not intent to abide by the contract legally. But, when a contract is made by the parties who are commercial relationship, then they intent to make a contract which is enforceable in law (Balfour v Balfour (1919)). However, this general presumption is not always true and if it is established that the contractual parties wishes to abide by their promises legally, then, it does not make any difference whether the parties are in family or commercial relationship, such a contract will be a valid contract and is enforceable in the law of contract. In the leading case of Todd v Nicol (1957) the parties are in family relationship but it was proved that the intention of the promises while exchanging promises was to abide by their promises legally. Thus, the contract was held to be valid even though the parties holds no commercial contacts. Whereas in Rose and Frank Co v Crompton (1923) the parties are in commercial relationship, but the facts depicts that while exchanging promises the parties never wished to abide by the promises legally. Thus, there was lack of legal intention and thus the contract was held invalid in law. (P Gillies 2004) The compliance of all the contractual elements makes a contract valid and enforceable in law. Application of law Contract amid Wendy and Dave Dave asked Wendy whether she intends to participate in the fun run and if she does than he is willing to pay her $ 3000 if she takes one hour to complete the run. Thus, an offer is made by Dave to Wendy at a consideration amount of $ 3000 which was accepted by Wendy. However, both Wendy and Dave are not known to each other thus they are not in any kind of family relationship but hold a commercial relationship. Based on the promise made by Dave, Wendy has completed the run in 58 minutes (which is less than one hour). It is submitted that when the promises are made by the parties both intent to abide by the same legally. Thus, there is presence of legal relationship amid them and thus, Wendy has every right to sue Dave for the consideration amount. Contract amid Wendy and Bill Wendy and Bill are friends and thus are not in any commercial relationship. In order to inspire Wendy, Bill promised to provide her with new running shoes and clothes. Wendy purchased the shoes and clothes which were worth $ 2000. It is submitted that when Bill made a promise to Wendy, neither parties intent to abide by the promises legally. The promise was made out of love and affection and there was no legal ignition amid the parties. Thus, Wendy cannot sue Bill for the price of shoes and clothes. Conclusion It is concluded that Wendy can sue Dave as there was presence of legal intention when the promises were exchanged amid the parties but cannot sue Bill as Bill does not intent to abide by the promise legally. Solution 2 Issue The main issue is whether Dani has any remedy against Vintage or whether Vintage can rely on the exclusion clause to mitigate their liabilities? Relevant Law Whenever any contract is made amid the parties then such contract must be formulated by complying all contract essentials that is agreement, consideration, capacity and legal intention of the parties. When any valid contract is made, then, the parties to the contract incorporated terms to the contract to which they intent to abide by. (J Clark, 2012) One of the terms which is made part of the contract is called an exclusion clause. An exclusion clause is a clause which is made part of the contract and which excludes or mitigates the liability of one of the party to the contract at the consent of another. Thus, the consensus of both the parties is required to make a valid exclusion clause (L'Estrange v Graucob [1934]. The important essentials to make an exclusion clause valid are: (The Law Teacher, 2016) The clause must be made part of the contract at the time of formation of the contract. The clause can be incorporated at the later stage but only at the consent of both the parties. The clause can be made part of the contract either by notice or by signature (Olley v Marlborough Court [1949]. The clause is valid only when the same is made part of the contract ay the consent of both the parties. If the clause is made part of the contract at the wish of only one party then the clause has no legal validity unless and until all reasonable attempts are made by the relying party to bring the clause with the knowledge of the other party (Hollier v Rambler Motors [1972] Further, many a times, when one party makes a statement of fact which is not true and which is of present or future and persuades another party to make a contract with him and the other party actually makes a contract with him and suffers loss, then, a misrepresentation is said to incur and the aggrieved party has right in law to claim damages for the loss suffered (Bisset v Wilkinson (1927). (The Law Teacher, 2016) The law is now applied the facts of the case. Application of Law Dani intends to restore the car upholstery to its original condition. Dani took the services of Vintage for restoration. Dani specifies that she wants her car to be restored to original condition and also showed some pictures. Vintage submitted that their staff is highly qualifies and experience. They submitted that Carl will restore her car and has experience of the same. It is submitted that Vintage has made statements of fact that they will restore her car to its original and the statement was not true and has persuaded Dani to enter into a contract with them and because of which she has suffered losses. thus, a misrepresentation was made by Vintage which has ultimately caused loss to Dani. Thus, Dani can sue Vintage under the law of misrepresentation. But, Vintage relied on the exclusion clause which was made part of the contract as per which Vintage does not accept any responsibility for any damage to goods or for any defect in work completed. All warranties were excluded. However, the clause was made part of the contract without making Dani aware of the same. Further, the clause was also appeared on a sign next to the counter in Vintages workshop but the same was not reasonably readable. Thus, no extra efforts were undertaken by Vintage to bring the clause within the notice of Dani. Hebe, Vintage cannot rely on the exclusion clause that was made part of the contract. Conclusion So, Dani has full right to sue the Vintage under the law of misrepresentation and claim damaged for the loss. However, Vintage cannot rely on the exclusion clause that was made part of the contract as the same was made part of the contract without bring the same to the knowledge of Dani nor any reasonable efforts were made for the same. Reference list Books/Journal/Articles Gillies, p. 2004. Business Law. Federation Press. Case laws. Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd v KS Easter (Holdings) Pty Ltd (1989). Australian Woollen Mills v The Commonwealth (1954). Balfour v Balfour (1919). Bisset v Wilkinson (1927). Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893). Crown vClarke (1927). Hollier v Rambler Motors [1972] L'Estrange v Graucob [1934]. Olley v Marlborough Court [1949]. Rose and Frank Co v Crompton (1923). Smith v Hughes (1871). Todd v Nicol (1957). Online Material Clark , J . 2012. Agreement Australian Contract law (online). Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-agreement.html. [Accessed on 26th September 2016]. Moles, R Sangha, B. 1998. Consideration (online). Available at: https://netk.net.au/Contract/04Consideration.asp. [Accessed on 26th September 2016]. The Law Teacher. 2016. Exclusion clauses. (online). Available at: https://www.lawteacher.net/cases/contract-law/exclusion-clauses-cases.php. [Accessed on 26th September 2016].

The Person I Admire Most free essay sample

The Person I Admire Most| | The person I admire most is a woman named Francesca. She has an extraordinary job as a secretary in a law firm at Raffles Boulevard. This job makes high demands on her time. But what astounds me about her is not her job, but her unconditional love for animals. I first got to know her when I visited the SPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) to get a cat. Francesca was there, tending to one of the dogs which had a swollen paw.It was only a tender pup so I approached her to ask about the animal. I became increasingly disgusted as she told me the story of how the puppy was ill-treated. It was a kindly passer-by who took the puppy to the SPCA after realising that its owner ill-treated it. I then asked if she was a vet and I was surprised to find that she was an SPCA volunteer. We will write a custom essay sample on The Person I Admire Most or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was moved by her devotion to her cause and asked if I could become a volunteer myself.We became good friends as she sat down to give me some details on what it was like helping to look after these loveable animals. Since then, she has inspired me in many ways. I have not only learnt how to thoroughly care for my cat, but my interest and love for animals has grown since meeting her. I find it incredible that despite her busy schedule as a secretary, she still finds the time to go there more than three times a week to see to the animals. Perhaps I will do the same in future, as I only volunteer at the SPCA during the weekends now. | The Person I Admire Most free essay sample The person I admire the most. There are quite a lot of people I admire but the person I admire the most is my mom. My mom is very pretty and she cares a lot about me, which is why I admire her the most. My mom is tall and has black hair. She has dark brown eyes. My mom has a very decent and friendly personality. Being selfless is a great quality that my mom has because whenever I am sick she stays up all night to look after me. She sacrifices her own needs for my requirements. My mom is also very protective about me. She gives away all her pleasures for my sake and wants me to be happy all the time. My mom does a lot of hard work with me with my schools work because she dreams of me being the top student in my class. We will write a custom essay sample on The Person I Admire Most or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She also cooks the best food for me. My first and best teacher and guardian is also my mom because she taught me when I was small and still teaches me and works very hard with me. She corrects me where I am wrong and also scolds me sometimes for my betterment. She is very understanding and knows everything in and out of me. There is no generation gap between me and my mother. My mom is also the best friend I ever had. My mom does not have many habits. She is very good at doing Arts and also has some interest in designing clothes. She also loves cooking and baking things with me and my brother. I love my mom very much and she also loves me. Ten maids cannot even do as much work as my mom does. Mostly every woman can be a mom but it takes a lot of courage and hard work to be like my mom.

Review and Trap Sample Essay - Eliana Docktermans Digital Parent Trap Essay

Review and Trap Sample Essay - Eliana Dockterman's Digital Parent Trap EssayEliana Dockterman's digital parent trap sample essay uses a variety of strategies to attract the attention of your readers. The ability to not be so direct in your language is one of the keys. Her writing style is not a cookie-cutter style of your typical post college student writing.Eliana Dockterman uses an indirect approach that gets you thinking about what you expect to find when you read your assigned reading material. She also calls on the reader to examine their assumptions and not just use them as gospel truth. In short, she makes a personal case for why your student should feel strongly about the topics covered in the assignment.Eliana Dockterman offers step by step instructions for her students to follow. You will notice that each step is connected with the previous one and makes it easy for you to put your students on a gradual path towards understanding the key points discussed in the essay. If yo u make the essay as detailed as possible, you will have great results.Eliana Dockterman offers two places to get more information on the process. She has a blog where she writes regularly and has also written an eBook on how to write a well-written review. The eBook contains both free sample essays and premium content for a small fee.Eliana Dockterman offers information on how to prepare for this writing task. She discusses in detail the importance of keeping motivation and focus as well as setting goals for your student to work towards. There are many resources available for people just like you who need help creating a great essay.The most important benefit that you can get from Eliana Dockterman's digital parent trap sample essay is the message that you are sending to your students. You want to know how to deal with the anxiety that often accompanies trying to present yourself in a nice way. You want to share with your students the benefits of taking this journey. You want them t o take it seriously and be very proud of what they have accomplished.The final benefit that you will find is that your students will thank you for it. Eliana Dockterman offers feedback from students who are using the software in its first year. She is surprised at how quickly students are learning how to write an essay and how they enjoy the research and referencing. The good thing is that you don't need a professional writer to complete this assignment.You can easily create a great eBook on your own. Now that you know this, it may be time to get started creating your own digital parent trap sample essay.

American History X Essay Example

American History X Essay Example American History X Paper American History X Paper American History X BY saku2300 Summary: American History X Derek Vinyard is paroled after being in prison for three years. The reason for prisoning is because of the murder of two thieves, who tried to steal his truck. Through a flash-back, his brother Daniel Danny had, we learned about Dereks life. Derek was a leader of skinheads in L. A. and their white Nazi gang violently terrorized the opposite races. Dereks actions had a very big influence on his younger brother, Daniel, who looked up to him and tried to follow in his brothers footsteps. Dereks time in prison opened his eyes and made him realize that in every race there can be ood and bad. He somehow got enlightened and saw another road in his life. He Just had to convince Danny, that there is another way to live, and another way to look at things. That way he wouldnt end up as he did, Just because of all his hatred and ignorance. Dereks father got killed by a minority while he was in duty, which is why Dereks vision started to blur and he believed everything he got told from his dad. At the end, Dereks message was clear, and it finally reached Danny. Overall Characterization: Vinyard family. The movie American History X tells us the story of a torn apart family, by racism, atred and blindness. The two main characters in the Vinyard family who are wreaking havoc between their families are the two brothers, Derek and Danny. These two become the focused characters in the movie. Character analysis of: Derek Vinyard. Derek is a skinhead in the age of 20-30s and is very serious in his beliefs. Hes a well- educated and smart man whos blindly being brainwashed and drawn into this world of racial hatred. His childhood was based on lies, because of his father who tried to convince him about the minorities Negros/Thugs being bad people and a menace to society. After hearing the trash-talk from his father, he turned out to be a little skeptical who he hangs out with. After his father got killed, by drug dealers, Derek believed in everything he got told and therefore started to form his own gang which concludes the beliefs of Nazis and dedicated his life to the Nazis. Tattoos, skin bald, toughness and raised head full of confidence, those are the marks of the skinhead members lead by Cameron Alexander and Derek Vinyard. They have their own rules and form for Justice for racial people. The motivation that drove Derek into the world of racism was mainly his fathers fault. In the beginning of the first flash-back its shown how everyone is sitting at the table, eating dinner. By that time his father was alive, and we get to know how his personality and what his thoughts were like. Young Derek got interviewed about how he feels after his fathers death, where he speaks up from his heart about the parasites in his society, Well, this countrys becoming a heaven for criminals, so what do you expect? Decent hard-working Americans like my dad are getting rubbed out by social parasites. All of Dereks hatred and sadness, all of his emotions are unleashed into wrath against the parasites of the society. He mentions his fathers work, how he used to be such a good person, a firefighter, a savior, whos murdered by a minority. The reporter questioned him about the meaning of Parasites and he replied Blacks, browns, yellow, whatever. His hatred is slowly started to build up from this point, where he blames the racial problems to be the reason for his fathers death. He killed two thugs who tried to steal his car, by shooting one of them and making the other putting his mouth on the curb. Characterization and tale of: Daniel Danny Vinyard. Daniel Vinyard acts as the narrative of the story both at the start and at the end of he movie. Daniel is the younger brother of Derek, who also seems to be following his older brothers footsteps. Daniel is a stubborn teenager with bad habits, but when he really takes his time, he has potential to be something. Hes a skin head Just like his older brother, who he really idolizes and sees him as a hero. Daniel is trying to be just like Derek, and therefore hes trying to impress him by showing him these racist actions, and how tough he is. After his older brother got thrown in Jail, Danny started to hang out with Dereks old friends, one of them was Seth. Seth was very racist and isliked every race except the white people. He tried so hard to influence Daniel to hate every single race except the white, by videotaping him and asking him questions, such as Who do you hate Danny, why.? When Daniel answered his question, and saying some of them are alright, Seth raised his voice and said that none of them was right, and they are a bunch of freeloaders. Derek came back home after 3 years, and told Danny about his new epiphany. Danny freaked out and did not believe anything, and thought he was crazy. Daniel went to Camerons party, which Derek strictly told him not to. He witnessed Derek causing chaos and threatening veryone, and then he took Danny and ran off. Daniel was an arrogant and stubborn child, had a temper and always wanted to show his White power against the black people. Daniel opened his eyes once Derek told him the truth, and everything he had experienced. The last quote he used to finish his essay was: We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory will swell when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. 0 http:// www. goodreads. com/quotes/31631 -we-are- be

Heart of Darkness2 essays

Heart of Darkness2 essays In Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, there is a great interpretation of the feelings of the characters and uncertainties of the Congo. Although Africa, nor the Congo are ever really referred to, the Thames river is mentioned as support. This intricate story reveals much symbolism due to Conrad's theme based on the lies and good and evil, which interact together in every man. Today, of course, the situation has changed. Most literate people know that by probing into the heart of the jungle Conrad was trying to convey an impression about the heart of man, and his tale is universally read as one of the first symbolic masterpieces of English prose (Graver,28). In any event, this story recognizes primarily on Marlow, its narrator, not about Kurtz or the brutality of Belgian officials. Conrad wrote a brief statement of how he felt the reader should interpret this work: "My task which I am trying to achieve is, by the power of the written word, to make you hear, to make you feel-it is above all, to make you see.(Conrad 1897) Knowing that Conrad was a novelist who lived in his work, writing about the experiences were as if he were writing about himself. "Every novel contains an element of autobiography-and this can hardly be denied, since the creator can only explain himself in his creations."(Kimbrough,158) The story is written as seen through Marlow's eyes. Marlow is a follower of the sea. His voyage up the Congo is his first experience in freshwater navigation. He is used as a tool, so to speak, in order for Conrad to enter the story and tell it out of his own philosophical mind. He longs to see Kurtz, in the hope's of appreciating all that Kurtz finds endearing in the African jungle. Marlow does not get the opportunity to see Kurtz until he is so disease-stricken he looks more like death than a person. There are ...

Dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9250 words

Dissertation - Essay Example each of the variables is numeric in nature, most part of the findings involved the use of tables and graphs even though the subjective descriptive analysis of the findings maintained the study’s qualitative nature. Data was collected by first measuring the corruption perception index of Spain. This gave an overall idea of the level of corruption in the countries. The corruption perception index was then compared to each of the economic variables, which also serve as predictors of economic downturn. Results from the study have confirmed that corruption has a negative impact on two of the variables namely GDP growth rate and household income. The various dynamics associated with the occurrence of corruption makes it the effect of corruption on the economy very varying. On the whole, it can be said that the more widespread cases of corruption within a given economy is, the larger the effect that will be felt. It is against this background that economists have for long sought to establish the relationship that exists between corruption and economic progress. As far as the relationship between corruption and economic progress is concerned, opinions remain largely divided in both theory and principle. Whereas some see a possible coexistence between corruption and development (Kang 59), other school of thought argues that corruption and development cannot coexist and that corruption is the biggest obstacle to economic development of a country (Keefer and Knack79). There are actually some extremist economists who posit that not only does corruption act as an obstacle to economic development but that corruption could be a key i ssue leading to economic downturn. Knowing that economic downturn is a period of business cycle contraction and slowdown in economic activity (Werlin 782), one would see corruption as a very serious canker with the worse consequential economic effects. But until there is some level of empirical research that justifies the relationship between

Conference paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conference - Research Paper Example The discussion of this paper focuses on the different cultural perspectives and how this influences the personal and social interactions of the students and scientists’ perceptions. Personal interaction is the manner in which individuals interact with each other in a group or a community through communication. The language of people to a great extend determines how an individual interact with each other. There is high power vested on personal relations, with communication playing a vital role in unifying the members of a particular group (Eby & Allen, 2012). Communication plays an important role in ensuring a smooth running of events in a group or community. Language as a form of communication unites the people speaking the common language. Differences in communication and language could be a source of conflict. It is believed that language classifies people into different social and is responsible for people’s ethnicity and social grouping. Social interaction is the way in which two or more people who are mutually oriented interact with each other through acts, actions, or practices (Argyle, 2007). The behaviour of these people affects each of the parties’ subjective experiences or intentions. Parties involved in this form of relationship should be aware of one another and put each other into consideration. Such a relationship requires the parties to behave towards each other, portraying the mutual consent of the existence and presence of the other person. Trust is essential to the success of the social interaction, and secret spying on the other party without their consent is likely to bring issues into the relationship. The behaviour of the parties influences the success of social interaction. According to Nganga & â€Å"University of Wyoming† (2006), people need to be aware of their cultural influences as they relate to one another in the society. Students of different backgrounds and cultures sharing the same learning facilities need to

A Wallet Full of Money and a Life Full of Nothing Essay Example for Free

A Wallet Full of Money and a Life Full of Nothing Essay In â€Å"Citizen Kane†, Orson Welles shows the viewer how an adult’s life can be tormented by their divested childhood. In his movie, Welles portrays Kane to be a man with the world in his hands yet he possesses nothing of sentimental value. Not being able to appreciate the people who surround him the way that they appreciate him, Kane turns to money and power to fulfill the love and affection he didn’t receive as a child. Welles portrays Kane’s robbed childhood, his vanity, and his hunger for power as the cause to Kane’s failed relationships and his lonely death. Shortly after the beginning of the movie, Welles uses symbolism to expose how Kane’s childhood innocence and purity had been taken from him at an early age. In this scene, Kane is out playing in the pure and white snow, which can be interpreted as Kane enjoying his innocent years in the essence of purity that comes with childhood. When his parents, along with Thatcher, go outside to inform him about his trip, Kane uses his sled as a defensive tool against Thatcher. This can be a reflection on why Kane never accepted Thatcher’s attempts at discipline and guidelines. Kane saw Thatcher as the person who deprived him of his childhood and took him away from his most prized possession, which was Rosebud, his sled. Towards the end of the scene, the sled is left out in the snow for years as the snow begins to pile up on it; this could be seen as a metaphorical correlation to Kane leaving his innocence and the purity of his childhood to become a man with a polluted soul who is ruled by money and power. As Kane grows up to become a man of wealth and power, many of his personality issues can be traced back to his childhood upbringing. The viewers are given an insight to the controlling and manipulative person Kane is when they come across the scene where Kane walks into the Inquirer and tells the editor-in-chief that he is literally going to live in his office. Because he couldn’t control his unsatisfactory childhood upbringing, Kane grew up to be an awfully controlling man. His controlling personality then led him to publish subjects that would on ly bring him attention. As a child who was taken away from his parents at only eight years old, he wanted all  the attention possible, hence the deceptive subjects he would publish. Kane’s childhood lacked the essentials of parental love and attention, which later transformed him into an egocentric, power-hungry monster. Possessing both money and power, Kane became obsessed with himself; the more power he obtained, the more he felt in need of it. At the age of twenty-five, Kane buys the New York Inquirer without even the slightest clue on how to run a newspaper business. One can thus determine that Kane would use his money to help him gain a voice. Kane never cared about his money, or the spending of, because he had plenty of it. What Kane really wanted was to affect the people. His original plan, when taking over the Inquirer, was to help and become the voice of the poor and underprivileged, but he quickly forgot about his promises, as he continually grew more and more corrupt by printing stories that would only get him attention. His hunger for power became bigger than him when he ran for Governor of New York and would print insulting cartoons of his opponent. Kane started out with a plan that would affect the people in a positive way but consequently became a highly unlikeable man who would only t hink about the power his money could bring to him. Not only was Kane a man who wished for more power but also he was a man who was also ruled by vanity. Throughout the movie, Welles interprets Kane’s vanity by showing the viewer how Kane would use his controlling personality to make sure all his surroundings were nothing but perfect. A good example of this is when Leland writes a newspaper article about Susan’s mediocre singing skills and Kane reads it. After he reads Leland’s notice, he is determined to make Susan a better singer so he forces her to train and perform in numerous cities. Because of his vanity, Kane is concerned with the public’s opinion of his wife. He does not want to be known as the man who married a singer with amateur singing skills. Welles also does a magnificent job in portraying Kane’s vanity in the scene where Susan leaves him and all Kane is truly worried about is all the guests in Xanadu who might witness her departure. How he appears to the public is much more important to him than the fact that his own wife is leaving him. As a man who was drunk on his own power and rule d by his vanity, Kane failed to see how much he would hurt the people who were closest to him, especially his second wife, Susan. Ever since he met her, the first sign of his complicated personality was shown when he demanded her to sing for him. In that scene,  the viewer could foresee the kind of controlling and demanding spouse Kane would be. Throughout their relationship, one could notice how he would treat Susan more as an object than his wife. By forcing her to perform and become a better singer, he was treating her as one of his statues. His statues were beautifully sculpted and that is what he wanted Susan to be. A beautiful woman who lacked a beautiful voice was not an option for the wife of Charles Foster Kane. As Susan grew tired of Kane being absent most of the time and being forced to live in their home as one of his many statues, she decided to leave him. Kane always treated people as if they were his property and Susan was no exception. When she informed Kane of her intention to abandon him, he said to her, â€Å"you can’t leave me† which goes to show how he thought of Susan as one of his statues. Kane’s statues would literally and physically never leave him, which is why he was shocked by Susan’s decision. When she does leave and Kane can’t do anything about it, he becomes f ull of anger and destroys Susan’s room. For a man who was just left by his wife, his anger towards her is also a big sign to the viewer that Kane only saw her as his property. Because of so many failed relationships throughout his life, a man of endless wealth and power ends up in his deathbed alone with no one to care for him. Throughout the movie, as Thompson goes on a search to figure out the meaning behind Kane’s last words before his death, the viewer is exposed to the many reasons why Kane died a lonely man. His relationship with Thatcher never developed further because Kane always saw him as the person who robbed him from sharing his childhood years with his family. The friendship he had with his closest friend ended when he fired him because of a simple statement that offended his vanity. The relationship with his first wife not only ended because of his infidelity but also because of his need for more power. Kane would spend more time at the Inquirer than with Emily, which made the relationship bound to terminate. Last but not least, his relationship with Emily was a complete failure because he saw her as an object as opposed to his wife. Every person who would get emotionally close to Kane would eventually end up leaving him. As a result of his big ego, Kane never managed to develop relatio nships with those who surrounded him therefore, the only company he had while lying in his deathbed was a snow globe and his childhood memories. As one can conclude, because of his miserable childhood, Kane grew up to lead a life  full of luxury and riches but he lacked the true meaning of life- to live. Money only bought him objects and power but never bought him true love of any kind. His last words were in reference to an object that he owned as a child and that goes to show that his only happy memories were back when he lacked the fortune he now had. Kane’s robbed childhood, vanity, and his hunger for power were the reasons why Kane lived such a lonely and unfulfilled life up until the day he died.

Shoppers Beware Essay -- Internet Shopping E-commerce Web Papers

Shoppers Beware Today the Internet provides a vast number of services to people all around the world, and is a way to make life easier. People can purchase everything from groceries to drugs (legal and illegal), skateboards to automobiles, land and houses, not to mention all the items that people auction off at places like ebay.com and ubid.com. There was even a high school girl, freshly turned 18, who decided to auction off her virginity. But that creates an entirely different discussion topic. Right now people all over the world use online shopping instead of actually traveling to the store. Shopping online is a way of conveniently purchasing things from the comfort of your own home. People no longer have to get dressed, comb their hair, or put on makeup. Despite all the conveniences of shopping online, the growing dependency on the Internet as a medium of communication will slowly begin to adversely affect society as we know it. As I was browsing through the L.A. Times, I came across an interesting article, written by Christine Frey, entitled You Can Rest in Peace After Choosing Your Burial Option. The article informs readers of the growing trend in Internet funeral services. It appears that the Internet houses dozens of shops ready to sell you the latest in burial options, from pet caskets to mausoleums (1). Possibly one of the largest Internet funeral services, Webcaskets, offers a huge selection of caskets. With prices ranging from as little as $50 for a cardboard cremation casket to as much as $11,000 for a solid walnut casket with velvet interior and a range of burial options. Webcaskets also carries special art caskets as well as a variety of urns, which start at under $100. In addition to a huge selection, Webca... ...ym to the word lazy. Be warned, Forster agrees that the Internet can be a dangerous tool when abused by society. Who is to say that 50 or 100 years from now things wont be exactly as Forster foretold? Living as a swaddled lump of flesh (Forster 187) in a small room, something resembling a bee cell (Forster 187), with only a chair and a reading desk is not the way to live. Unless we realize the dangers of the Internet and machine dependency Forsters future, could become ours. Works Cited Frey, Christine. You Can Rest in Peace After Choosing Your Burial Option. January 31, 2002. L. A. Times. 28 February 2002. Forster, E. M. The Air-Ship. Composing Cyberspace. Ed. Richard Holeton. San Francisco: McGraw-Hill, 1998, 187-195. Holeton, Richard. Composing Cyberspace. San Francisco: McGraw-Hill, 1998.

Product Planning Distribution and Management (a Case Study of the Nigeria Bottling Company’s Plc, Enugu.

A Paper PRODUCT PLANNING DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT (A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIA BOTTLING COMPANY’S PLC, ENUGU. ABSTRACT Product planning distribution and management are very vital in the production and distribution of very manufacturing organization. Before ever a manufacturing company should come out with a good quality product, it must undergo many processes, from planning for either short range or long, fore casting doing market research and consumer survey, protesting the product and introducing the product to the market through different channels of distribution.The aim of this study is to describe how the Nigeria bottling company plc, Enugu is really involved in the process of product planning, distribution and management. This is done by gathering information from certain problems usually associated with product planning, and proposing remedial measures after revealing areas of problem. The question in the questionnaire were based on the research question s developed for this purpose while analysis were made using the chi-square (x2) test and percentage from here a discussion of the findings, recommendation and conclusion were made by the researcher.It is hoped that this will aid managers in planning, distribution and managing the their products by taking effective and efficient decisions in these important decision areas. For examples the company should recruit highly staff and give them adequate training. PREFACE This work is deemed to high light on problems involved in product distribution and management. These tasks are undertaken by management to ensure product growth and increase market share.My reason for selecting the Nigeria bottling company Plc, Enugu is due to the wide range of produce in the market needed to be evaluated against the back ground of produce planning distribution and management. For the continued existence of companies products must be produced and sold profiatably. New product must have to be introduced and told and un profitable products must have to be deleted. TABLE OF CONTENT Title page Approval page Dedication Acknowledgment Abstract Preface Table of content CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the study 2.Statement of the problem 3. Objective of the study 4. Research question 5. Scope of the study 6. Limitation and problems 7. Significance of the study 8. Definition of term CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Meaning of product 2. Product classification 3. product planning and product development 4. Decision areas in product planning 5. The function of product planning 6. New product 7. Planning for new product 8. Product attributes 9. Product positioning 10. The expanding duties of the product manager 11. Physical distribution 12. Physical distribution objective 3. Distribution channels 14. Selection channels of distribution CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY 1. Research design or methodology 2. Area of study 3. Population of the study 4. Sample size d etermination 5. Instrument for data collection 6. Validation of the instrument 7. Reliability of the instrument 8. Methods of data collection 9. Method of data analysis CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 1. Presentation and analysis of data 2. Testing of hypothesis 3. Summary of results CHAPTER FIVEDISCUSSION RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 1. Summary of finding a d discussion 2. Conclusions 3. Recommendations Bibliography Appendix CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY A product has been defined by the American marketing association as any thing that can be officered to a market for attention, acquisition or consumption including physical objects, services, personalities, organization and desires. A product as defined by stanchion in fundamentals of marketing. A product is a set of tangible and intangible attributes that leads to customer satisfaction. roduct planning embraces all the activities that enables a company to determine what product t will market. Ma nagement deals with all those who have supervisory responsibility ranging from the chief executive down to the first line supervisor, in this case, management is regarded to as box, that is those who direct the work of others and their own through their own offers and efforts of others thus, product planning and management, comprises all the activities that enables a company to determine what it will market of product so as to satisfy customers wants and need respectively.This involves the process of effectively planning and regulating the operations of that part of enterprises which is responsible of that part of enterprises which is responsible for the actual transformation of materials into finished products. This includes all the activities required. In storage and distribution of the company’s goods. This addresses the questions of. a. Which type of channels a seller should select for his product. b. Which particular middlemen include in each channel type and. c. How to management distribution n system for effective performance.The company or firm should know the degree of channel control desired, by controlling the channel, the producer attempts to ensure that this product will receive the necessary sales push as well as any other essential elements needed to present the product properly and satisfy and customers. The company of firm should make necessary effort to control the quality of the product. Product quality-the quality level to be built into the product is a conscious decision to be made by the manufacture. A higher quality product normally is more costly to product than a lower quality one and so commands a higher price on the market.The quality level decision therefore should be related to the price range that will be attractive to the mainstreams of potential buyers, quality is multifaceted. It relates to, or depends on. Such factors as the quality of raw materials used the production process Itself, quality controls during production packaging or dressing of the product, price of the product, the environment in which the product is displayed for buys, the durability of the product is used and the buyers, expectation and appreciation in general, product quality tends to be high to the extent that any of the above factors is good or high as the case may be.The quality produced has be in line with demand at a particular point in time so as to fight against out of stock and over stock. The company has to be watchful at any point in time so as to know what type of product to be produced, when to produce. How to produce, whom to produce for the (target market) and cloy such a product is required. According to Charles a Scheve and Reuben M Smith. The basic goal of product management is to ensure that a product matches the wants and needs of consumers in its market.Then many markets make the mistake of thinking that consumers feel and act as they do and share their wants† invalid assumptions on the part of markete rs. Results to marketing failures previously, about one hundred years ago, there were few producers. The sellers oriented type of market was prevailing consumers out weighted the number of producers and little or no regards was paid to consumers welfares. Production concept of marketing philosophy was prevalent. What ever was produced had to be consumed. This goes to mean that the total produce concept is the entire set of benefits the products provides to the consumers.No attention was paid to product packaging, branding product quality and other important physical attributes of a product. As time went on, more and more producers come into the market. This gave rise to conception among the available producers consumption was based on good packaging brand image, product quality convenient. This is known as product concept in marketing philosophy. It is this situation that forced manufactures to spend time in product packaging, labeling, branding etc. Now due to advancement in both t echnology and communication as will as production equipment introduced into the circulation makes the market more complicated.This is the era that brought about marketing concept. Here manufactures and producers first of all is out to find really the needs and wants of consumers, then the most admirable type colour, package design, branding and labeling that all best suit the desire of the potential and actual consumers of the product. Product planners must try to match the firms resources lie what it is capable of producing with the men, money, machines and materials it ahs with the needs of consumers satisfaction and highest company profits can be achieved wit the limited resources available.Because of the sophisticated nature of today’s business, many tactics are being applied by different companies to fight back competitions and to stand firmly in the market. Many new products are constantly being introduced into the market. Innovators are seriously doing their job; old a nd profitable products are modernized while some are deleted out of the market. Companies use specific and admirable packaging design, good branding and beautiful types of labeling to distinguish their products from many in circulation. Similar products in the market. . 2STATEMENT OF PROBLEM In most business operations today the task of planning and managing a product is not an easy one. Emphasis is laid on the problems associated with product planning distribution and management in NBC PLC Enugu. The company is having problems in procuring raw materials. The reason is that. a. The Federal Government banned the importation of the base material-what? b. Local supplier do not always have enough to give the company. c. The local inputs have to be refined to bring them to the standard record by the company. d.Transporting the raw materials is a problem since the company does not have enough f town trucks. e. The raw materials are usually bulky. The company is also having problems in pro duct planning and development. The reason being that the company exists in an economy strangled by hyperinflation and insecurity. Consumers are now being very careful on what to spend for or consumer. Another problems that the company encounters is that of increased competitions from companies like 7 up bottling PLC. The company’s competitors are having a high quality of product often not much different from the NBC.Even where NBC gain in terms of quality and diversification, other gain by more liquid content, as 7 up against sprite and cheaper prices. In the area of distribution and product management, the company has insufficient number of trucks and experiences bottle breakages and pilfrages. 1. 3OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This study is purely on product planning, distribution and management. It aims at describing how NBC PLC is really involved in these task. To do this the study is armed with information gathered from extensive literature review as a base.The main and primary objectives of this study is to define certain problems usually associated with product planning distribution and management in NBC PLC which require a proposal of remedial measure after reveal areas of the problems. The study will investigate on the areas of the company’s procurement of raw materials use. How the company plans for its products. How this product is developed. How the management and workers take decision, what channel of distribution is used, and how are the products managed from production to consumption.It is also important to mention that this research work is very vital in partial fulfillment of the award of ordinary national diploma (OND) in the polytechnic IMT Enugu state. 1. 4RESEARCH QUESTIONS For the purpose of this study the following research question have been proposed by the researcher. 1. Do you have problems in procuring raw materials used by your company. 2. Do you plan for your product before production. 3. Do you encounter certain problems in planning and managing your products. 4. Do you normally meet up with demand during peak period. 5.How do distribution cope with the distribution system of your company. 6. Do your products meet a real need of consumers or do they complain of poor quality. 1. 5SCOPE OFD THE STUDY This study covers the Nigerian Bottling company PLC Enugu the producer of i. Coca-cola ii. Sprite iii. Fantat (Quinine and Orange) iv. Krest v. Tonic water vi. Chapman vii. Club soda The researcher basing my write up-on coca-cola which is the first product of the company when it state production in 1963. For NBC PLC, Enugu this study is structured to consider product planning distribution and management only. . 6LIMITATION AND PROBLEMS Initially the scope of this study was designed to cover all the plants in the Eastern region including Makurdi) of Nigerian but due to time and finance constraints, only the Enuygu plants was studies, this plant however covers most of the old Eastern region, minus Aba and Por t-Harcourt. Makurdi is considered a part of Enugu. In carrying out this product work, the researcher faced some problems which ranged from financial constraints, time constraints, to the problems of data collection.The researcher faced some financial problems in carrying out this research arising from frequent traveling to all depots for data collection with the unsteady high transportation cost. There is also high cost of writing sheets and high secretarial charges in the typing and binding of the research work. Another major constraint is that of time factor. This is imminent as the researcher was exposed to two strongly opposing alternative choices to chose from. That is choice between attending lectures and that of traveling to depots for data collection in which the opinions have to be met within weeks posses as an.Data collection also posses as an obstacle in the task accomplishment in that the data so sought were not readily available and the researcher had to make repeated v isits on several occasions before obtaining th required data. In the face of all these problems the researcher forged ahead by overcoming these problems and making the researcher work successful. 1. 7SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This write up is likely to be beneficial to three parties particularly. The student (Writer). The subject matter (Nigerian Bottling company PLC Enugu) and the Institute of management and technology (IMT) and probably the country in general.It is beneficial to the write in the sense that it gives him opportunity to review personally almost all that it exposed the writer to a very wide area f business most especially during the cross of research and widened his knowledge. Also with the opportunity provided by the research study, the writer having obtained facts from research carried out will be privileged to express higher opinion based on personal judgment on the subject matter (Nigeria Bottling Company PLC Enugu) when the suggestions and recommendations provide d by this study are implemented this is it fault will reality the weaknesses identified during the course of study.Also the exposure and awareness which this project will create about (Nigerian Bottling Company PLC Enugu) could help in attracting different categories of individuals and groups to come and invest in (Nigeria n Bottling Company PLC Enugu as required by the Authority. Finally, since it is generally believed that examination alone does provides the true test of one’s ability or knowledge the polytechnic could use this project work to measure the performance and seriousness of the student or writer. 1. 8DEFINITION OF TERMBecause of the misconception of product and the mis-positioning of products there is need to explain some production know how which few has been explained above. ORGANIZATION OF BRANDING Organizing of the product branding is a variable product attribute. Branding considered as one aspect of product policy. It seemed also to be a phase of promotiona l policy since it is an and to communication. Brand policy issue center ground the question of whether to brand in the first place and their whether to use individual product brand of a family or blanket brand.The same brand far all the product in the line in there exist a problems of whether to sell price brands. PRODUCT POSITIONING Management ability to position a product appropriately in the market is a major determinant of company profit. According to William Stanton. A product position in the image that product prefects is relations to competitive products by the company in question William Stanton goes on saying that the more to product positioning is an attempt by business. PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTIONThis is the part of marketing that addresses how product are moved and stored. A physical distribution channel include intermediates often not considered to e part marketing channel, such as transportation companies public were house and insurance companies that participates and the mo vement and a towage of products. These agent who do not take thrift to actually own the goods they handle are referred functions is to facilities the movement of goods. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1MEANING OF PRODUCTThe attempt to undertake a study of product planning is beneficial by booking into the books of many intelligent personnel who had done some of work on this topic the following re the views of these learner human beings. A product has been defined by the American Marketing association as anything than can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition or consumption, including physical objects services, personalities, organization and desires† `Product is something that is viewed as being capable of satisfying a need or want.A product is any thing than can be offered to a market for attention acquisition used of consumption that input satisfy a need. It includes physical objects, services, persons, places organization and ideas. It may also be a set of tang ible and intangible manufacturing prestige and manufacturers accept as offering wants satisfaction product as defined by Stanton in fundamentals of marketing â€Å"A product is a set of tangible attributes that leads to customer satisfaction†. Product according to Nonyelu G.Nwokoye markets buyers and it is of central importance in the marketing effects â€Å"A product may be defined as a bundle of physical and psychological satisfactions that a buyer receivers from a purchase. It includes not only the tangible object but also such supportive elements as packaging convenience of purchase, post-sale services and others that buyers value†. According to pride/feared: A product is everything (both favourable and unfavourable) that on receives in an exchange. It is a complex of tangible and intangible attributes including functional, social and psychological utilities or benefits.A product can be idea, a services, a good or any combination of the three. 2. 2PRODUCT CLASSIFIC ATION â€Å"One result of taking this broad view of product is that there are literally millions of products to be marketed. A new products are identified developed, discovered, invented or born every day. While each of this product demand a unique marketing mix† We have two broad types of product: 1. The consumer product and 2. Industrial product. Consumer s products:In this type of products, not all consumers product are the same. Rather they can be subdivided on the basis of how people buy them.Since the purpose of marketing is to satisfy wants and needs. It is only logical to classify products on the basis of consumer behaviour. Thus consumer product can be divided into four subgroups. 1. Convenience products. 2. Slopping products 3. Specially product and 4. Unsought products. Industrial products:This type of product is make up of goods or services used in the production of other products. Industrial goods encompass suppliers, accessories, services and even plant and equi pment. This many raw materials and subassemblies that go into a finished can are all industrial products.They are market to automobile manufacturers, not to ultimate consumers. Buyers of industrial products are different frame the buyers of consumer products. In terms of this write up, I do not have to go into detail of industrial products. My concern is on consumer product. TYPES OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS 1. CONVENIENCE PRODUCTS-Are items that consumers want to buy with the least possible shopping effort. Their selection is characterized by routing buying behaviour. Through these product are bought often, consumers do not seek information about them. Examples are milk, eggs, cigarettes, chewing gum, chariots.There are three types of convenience products. a. Staples b. Impulse items and c. Emergency goods A. STAPLES- Items are convenience products for which consumers usually do some planning. Food items are good examples. For instance though consumers don’t seek such information a bout milk, they do buy it often and they plan to buy it when preparing to go to grocery stock banking is an example of service that is staples with staple items, the brand or trademark can be very important in buyers minds. And buyers want staples items to be located conveniently. B.IMPULSE ITEMS-Are not purchased because of planning, but because of strongly it immediate needs. Thus distribution is an important factor in marketing impulse products. If they are not located conveniently exchange will not take place. That is why items like novelties, and expensive pans are placed near the cash register in many stores. C. EMERGENCY PRODUCTS-Are items that are needed to solve an immediate crisis time and place utilities are the major ingredients of satisfaction, price and quality are less important, although the product obviously has to be of sufficient quality to meet to meet the emergency. . SHOPPING PRODUCTS-In shopping product, consumer visits several stores to compare price and qual ity before buying. Even before going into the store to buy or examine such products, consumer may study magazines like consumer reports or ask friends for their opinions about certain products or study, advertisement. In order words, before buying shopping products consumer seek information that will allow them to compare two or more brands or substitute products. Shopping products can thus be divided into two: a. Homogeneous product and b. Heterogeneous product. 3.SPECIALTY PRODUCTS-Are items for which there are no acceptable substitutes in the consumers mind. Consumers are ready to s each long and hand until they find them. 4. UNSOUGHT PRODUCTS-Are items that consumers do not readily realize they want or need. They are those products which the consumers do not readily realize they want or need. 2. 3PRODUCT PLANNING AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT According to Stanton- â€Å"product planning embraces all activities that enable a company to determine what product it will market. Product de velopment encompasses the technical activities of product research, engineering and design.More specifically the combined scope of product planning and product development includes making decisions in the areas named below. 2. 4DESIGN AREAS IN PRODUCT PLANNING 1`. Which product should the firm make? 2. Should the company market more or fewer products? 3. What new uses are there for each product. 4. What brand, package and label should be used for each product? 5. How should the product be styled and designed and in what sizes, colours and materials should it be produced. 6. In what quantities should each item be product. 7.How should the product be priced. According to Grolier in modern business (marketing) â€Å"The evolution of scientific product planning in business, designed to reduce the risk of failure and to avoid the enormous waste that failures cause, has led to the formalizing of the various activities involved in product planning. 2. 5THE FUNCTION OF PRODUCT PLANNING Can be summarized in general in the following ten points. a. Evaluation of the idea-Does the product belong in our line? Is the time right for it now? Does this seem like a good idea for us to make this item? . Evaluation of the potential market:Does the consumer want or need this product. Is the market big enough to w arrant our investing the necessary time, manpower and money to make it what influences consumer buying of this type of product? c. Evaluating the product:Is the new idea sufficiently different and superior to existing products competitive product gives the consumer substantially more for his money? d. Evaluating company resources:Is our company set up to make this new product? What additional equipment of manpower will we need to make and market it?Can we make and sell it economically against the price the consumer is willing to pay? How long will it take our company with its present or potential resources to recoup investment and start making a profit from its operation . Approximately where is the break-even point? (The point at which marginal revenue equals margarita cost, at this point there is not profit or loss). e. Preparing customer specifications-If preliminary evaluation is favorable just what is it that the consumer would like in a product of this kind what could the consumer not like?What assurance do we have that a product meeting those specifications will find a ready market? What should our new product be like? What should it do to meet customer specifications? f. Developing the product-Armed with this information, which marketing research has developed for us, we can turn to the engineering or laboratory department for the, development of a [product which meets those specifications as nearly as possible. g. Pre-testing the product-The sample model product, as designed and enveloped by engineering has to be tested in the market against competition.If there is nothing like it on the market now. It must be tested against consumer apathy or resistance. Generally at this stage some modification are indicated as consumer lasted change, or as our model fails to meet customer specifications. h. Producing the product:Once was have tested the model and have confirmed customer desire to buy. We can return it to engineering for last minute modifications and then turn it over to manufacturing for production for the market. Careful sales, advertising and promotion department to prepare their programmes for proper market coverage and market introduction. . Marketing the product-If all necessary planning and programming have been accomplished, marketing the product should begin as son as production has turned out enough unit to meet the initial plan. It is important that dealers and distribution as well as the company’s own sales force, shall have full knowledge before hand. j. Control and evaluation-After new product has been introduced into the market, it has to be controlled and continuously evaluated. Does it meet a real need? Is there sufficient repeat business to keep it in the line?Does it carry its own weight (Volume of sales, volume of profit addition to company prestige etc) 2. 6NEW PRODUCT What is a â€Å"New† product? Must an inter be totally new in concept before we can class it as a new product? Each marketing category may requires quite different marketing programme to ensure a reasonable probability of market success. Three recognizable categories of new products are as following. 1. Products that are really innovative-Truly unique. Example would be a hair-restorer or a cancer cure-products for which there is a real need but for which no existing substitutes are considered satisfactory.In this category we can also include products but satisfy the same needs. Thus television to a great extent replaced radio and movies. 2. Replacement for existing products that are significantly different from he existing foods. Instant coffee replaced ground coffee and coffee bean in many mar kets, then freeze dried inkstand replaced instant coffee. Annual model changes in autos and new fashions in clothing belongs to this category. 3. Initiative product that are new to a particular company but not new to the market. The company simple wants to capture pant of an existing market with a mention product.Perhaps the key criterion as to whether a given product is new is how the intended market perceive it. If buyers perceive that a given item is significantly different (from competitive goods being replaced) in some characteristic appearance, performance) then it is a new product. 3. 7PLANNING FOR NEW PRODUCTS It is now clear that modern business takes the matter of new product very seriously. The well known management consultant, Peter Druck, refers to it as the management in innovation. Basically, business consider that new product pose three major challenges to management . a.The uncertainty of new-product results the rate of failure, even with better organizations, is gr eat until recently eighty to night present of all new products failed. In some companies now, the rate of failure is down as low as 25 percent. But in industry as a while, a new product has no more than a 50-50 chance of success. b. Shortage of the technically-Trained technically trained personnel, capable of taking change of new product development are scare. As new product multiply, the burden on the technically trained grows. Further more, as technology progresses, the technological proficiency of the individual has to increase.This is often a slow process of conation and experience gained on the job and it cannot be developed over night. c. Difficulty of organizing and controlling the new-product development process. We have seen how companies are all empting to meet the problems of organizing and controlling the new product development process. It is largely a human rather than a technical problem involving such decision as how we use the skill s available, where to place the p roduct manager, to whom he should report. And what functions will be assigned to him.Before ever emphasis, is to be laid on functions of product manager, first of all I have to emphasis on management. Management and administration are interchangeable. Management defined broadly as getting things done through other people. This include lower strata and top management. Management deals with â€Å"All those who have supervisory responsibility ranging from the chief executive down to the first line. Supervisor in this case management is regarded to as a Box and that is those who direct the work of others and their work through their own efforts and effort of others.Management generally has three basic task. 1. To set up a general plan or strategy for the business. 2. To direct the execution of this plan 3. To evaluate , analysis, and control the plan in actual operation. Management is usually defined in term of function performed management is what management does. This means that mana gement is both the executive personnel (boss) and a body of knowledge, a practice a discipline or a process. A widely accepted listing of management functions includes. 1. Planning 2. Organizing 3. Directing 4. Coordinating and 5. Controlling 2. 8THE EXPANDING DUTIES OF THE PRODUCT MANAGERThere is a growing need of a product manager, a single individual in the product division who coordinates the developments of new products. The product manager because, in effect a product specialist who meets the special problems posed by the rapidly growing number of products, the growing importance of new product. The product manager has the responsibility of making sure that each new product has the necessary effort behind it to make it a success. He is more than a mere coordinator. Typically he is charge with the following duties and functions. a. He recommend additions to the line (base on research reports of market needs). . He forecasts sales (based on sales potentials established by resear ch). c. He supervises the preparations of sales promotion to achieve sales goals. d. He determines new product specification based on reports fromn the research department. e. He participates in the preparation sales programmes f. He assists in selling big accounts. g. He councils and advises regional and distribute sales managers. h. He participates in the preparation of advertising plans and programs. i. He prepares product-development budgets (including the budgets for marketing the product). j. He makes pricing recommendations. k.He coordinates the development of new product from idea through commercial marketing. It is important to be aware that the situation with regard to the product manager is in most cases, quite fluid and it is constantly changing. Some companies have used a production manager for years. While many others have adopted the system only recently. The position of product manager, is in neither standard nor settled. In general, there are three main types of pro duct manager set ups emerging in business. One type of product manager places the emphasis on product, another on sals service and the third on decentralization. . 9PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES. â€Å"A firm might elect to product a product based on specific attributes. But these attributes can never be catalogued. The alternatives of product form are infinite. In fact, this great range in alternatives is the reason product development is such a challenging management problem, while we can look at all of the potential features of products, we can look at all of the potential features of products, we can look at certain attributes that historically have command considerable management attention. PRODUCT DIFFERENCIATIONRegardless of the form a new product takes a company most make a decision on the degree of product differentiation to incorporate in the product, A firm seeks the maximum degree of product differentiation, since this large profits. The demand curve for such a product is more ela stic, and the firm more nearly approximates a monopoly position. But every product differentiation is subject to coping by competitors, and a firms competitive advantage is gradually erodes. The goal of product differentiation is universal, there are occasions when it is loss important as objective.In some situations, it can readily be accomplished. Further more, there is always a large segment of industry that tasks a product follower† Position seeking to duplicate the offerings of product leaders. PATENTABILITY For many firms, an essential feature of product development and product competition is the degree of which a candidate product can be protected through patents (or literary work). A tight patent which perpetuates a product is a comparative advantage. And for most firm this potential is deemed essential if they are to invest large sums in product research.But caution should be urged when it comes to relying havily on potent protection. Even the best of patents can be c ircumvented by developing new materials and processed. PRODUCT KNOW-HOW Equally as significant as palatability is production know-how in seeking competitive product advantages companies with high research and development investments, substantial capital vested in production facilities, or a skilled work-force may be able to distinguish their offerings in the market place through lower cost or product improvement. QUALITY The level of product quality requires management action.A decision on a candidate product is frequently made on the basis of the company’s ability to make the product and maintain it reputation for quality, lack of materials, inadequate labour skills or the stage of the products development may be compelling reason for concluding that the product cannot be made commensurate with past quality standards. STYLE We think of style as a distinctive artistic expression in s product. as such it is a permanent thing. This is in contrast to a fashion-a style currently popular. Thousand of styles and created.A fed in contrast to a fashion, is considered to be short-lived and les predictable as to interpolation COLOUR Problems of colour selection for product are allied in those of style selection. For they, too encompass artistic expression. Colour as a variable product feature would seem to warrant special comment, however, for it has become such a significant form of product competition in the consumer goods field. Colour consciousness has compounded production and inventory control problems but correct prediction of consumer colour preferences has again led to competitive advantage.SIZE For some products, a decision is not necessary on product size. But for most of industry size is a product variable. It may tasks the form of varying the size of the product or the amount of the product sold in particular package. Regardless of its form, varying product size calls for a careful analysis of such factors as family size rates of consumption and stor age facilities. PACKAGING Packaging is also a product attributes of considerable importance to some firms. Its advantages are quite memories.Packaging the product facilities protecting it form it from spoilage, evaporation and spilling it protects the product from changes in the weather and from damage from handling by the customer package products are also easier for both consumer and the retail dealer to handle. Consumers find correct packaging an aid to taking products home, in storing them and dispensing the contents dealers’ find that well-packaged product are easier to display, easier to handle at check-out counters and more adaptable to inventory control.A major function of packaging is to aid in product identification, both for dealer and consumer. Well displayed package products represent a principal means of communicating to consumer buyers at a critical stage in the buying process. The point of purchase, in recent years products like been soft drinks etc. has appea red in forms of multiple package. This increases the quality bought by the consumer as a product quality. BRANDING A brand name is a variable product attribute. It is part of the product and part of what consumer buys.Brand name it is seemed also to be a phase of promotional policy since it is an aid to communication. Brand policy issues center around the question of whether to use individual product brands of a family† or â€Å"blanket† brand. The same brand for all the product in the line. There exist a problem of whether to sell private brand. ADVANTAGES OF BRAND IDENTIFICATION â€Å"It enables the sellers o build a consumer following and identify a diven level of quality with a product. It facilities differentiating a product from competitions.It expedites the process of communicating to buyers not at the point of purchase nut through the medium of advertising and occasionally through the publicity. Finally, brand may enable the firm to communicate psychological as well as material values. These psychological values and developed through promotional efforts and they hinge on the connotations that can be associated with the brand name. In some firms there exist a product director often such a product director is called a brand manager.The purpose of a brand manager is to ensure adequate attention and push behind each product. â€Å"A brand manager is responsible for drawing up complete promotional (advertising) programs for him product or a single brand. 2. 10PRODUCT POSITIONING Management ability to position a product appropriately in the market is a major determinant of company profit. In according to William J. Stanton. A product position is the image that product projects is relations to competitive products and to other products marketer by the company in question.William Stanton goes on saying that the more to product positioning is an attempt by business to increase its creditability, build a reputation for reliabilities and generally satisfy a boarder market spectrum over the long run. Again E. Jerome Mc Cathy said product positioning should where proposed and/ on present brands are located in a market it requires some formal market research. 2. 11PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION Physical distribution is the part of marketing that addressed how products are moved and stored.A physical distribution channel includes intermediate often not considered to be part of marketing channel, such as transportation companies, public were houses and insurances companies that participates and the movement and a storage of products, these agents ho do not take title to (actually own) the goods they handle, are referred to as facilitators because their main function is to facilitate the movement of goods. TWO VIEW OF PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION Marketing mangers have different view on what physical distribution really is. Some see physical distribution only as the flow of furnished goods to he consumers, whereas others se it as including activit ies that occur earlier in the process, such as procuring and moving raw materials. A traditional marketing view of physical distributions looks at only the outward consideration and ignores the physical supply and processing or manufacturing activities. The view or typically referred to as simply distributors management. A more comprehensive term for all these physical movement and storage activities is business logistics, which involves the coordination of movements or raw materials, parts, and finished goods to achieve a give service level while minimizing total cost.The concepts contains four element and includes both physical supply and physical distribution that is both inbound and outbound activities, we shall concentrate on three important logistics problems storage, inventory control and transportation. Move recently, several development have viewed physical distribution or logistics as getting goods to buyers, as a supportive subsidiary activity. Managements, interest has n ow been awakened in the logistics problem. One alerting factors is the stand climb in the bill for physical distribution services as freight, warehousing, and inventory.Freight warehousing bills are rising as a result of increased labour, energy and equipment costs. The inventory bill is rising because buyers are tending to place smaller order more frequently, and manufacturers are tending to expand the with and depth of their product lines. According to Nonyelu G. Nwokoye, Physical distribution or logistics is concerned with the efficient movement or raw materials from supplier and finished goods from the end of the production line to the customers. Series of activities must be performed which grouped under four main categories called physical distribution activity center namely. 1. Transport 2.Inventory 3. Warehousing and 4. Communications. In the design of a physical I distribution system starting point by the producer is to set customer service standard. This has a number of dim ension of which the most important is the time it takes to get the merchandise to the customer, that is delivery time. The decision that lead to cost reduction in one activity area such as transportation, may lead to a cost increase in another area like inventory. Therefore, an appropriate strategy in logistics design, is to arrange al the required activities so as to minimize the total cost of providing a desired level of customer service.Now the physical distribution activity areas are to be taken one after the other. 1. TRANSPORT There is availability of wide range of transportation modes to move products to mark rail, highway, water, pipeline, and air, each of this is having different cost and service 9speed) characteristics. Decision must be made on the type of mode of transportation to use for each type of shipment, coordinates movement using more than one mode might be possible. In considering the activity area in transportation order processing is also inclusive. This includ e checking prices and shipping documents. . INVENTORY Inventory is of central importance in physical distribution system design since actual demand (in the form or orders) is rarely exactly the same as forecast demand, inventories or goods must be established and maintained. There are other reasons for carrying inventories. a. To ensure against risks of various kind (strikes in the factory supplier failure). b. Accommodation of production runs before sales and. c. Seasonality of product and/or seasonality of demand, also need are raw material inventories to support production.Inventory carrying cost is high and procedures for proper inventory management must be installed. Over stocking leads excessive inventory carrying cost, while under stocking leads to cost sale and poor customer service. 3. WAREHOUSING Warehousing (for depots) store inventories decision must be made on number of warehouses that are required where they should be located and what products should stocked in what qu antities. Storage may be emphasized in a warehouse for a long time that is the product remaining in one place for a long time.Seasonal products of agriculture in processed from require long-term storage before sale, temporary storage and through out volume may however, be emphasized in which case the warehouse becomes a distribution center. A distribution center receives large loads of homogenous goods, which are mixed and consolidated into out bound shipment to end markets. The emphasis is on moving goods through the facility and not on storage per see material handling is the movement of goods within the plants and warehouses. In this case, suitable equipment must be available to permit economical handling of goods.Unit loads refers to the possible economic to be gained by handling products as a unit load, unit load are form a train load of coal to a master carton containing the individual product units purchased by the final buyer. proper design of unit loads minimizes handling c ost. 4. COMMUNICATION Information is vital for the effective management and control of physical distribution. , this information and related to action and performance within the areas of inventory, warehousing and unit. loading transportation, eg a good communication system should be able to make available on demand the present stock position of each item at each stock.. . 12PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION OBJECTIVE Many companies state their physical distribution objective as getting the right goods to the right places at the right time for the least cost. Unfortunately this provides little actual guidance. No physical distribution system can simultaneously maximize customer services and minimize distribution cost maximum customer service implies such policies as large inventories premium transportation and many warehouses, all of which raise distribution cost. Minimum distribution cost implies such policies as slow and ship transportation, low stock, and few warehouses.LEVEL OF SERVICE (OUT PUT) Basic output of a physical distribution system is the level of customer service. Customer services represents one of the key competitive benefits that a company can offer potential customers in order to attract their business. Philip Kotler view as regard to the level of service from the customers view point, customers service means several things. 1. The speed of filling and delivering normal orders. 2. The supplier’s willingness to meet emergency merchandise needs of the customer. 3. The care with which merchandise is delivered do that it arrives in good condition. 4.The supplier’s readiness to take back detective goods and resupply quickly. 5. The availability of installation and repair service and parts from the supplier. 6. The number of options of shipment load and carries. 7. The supplier willingness to carry inventory for the customer. 8. The service changes, that it whether the services are free or separately prices. 2. 13. DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Modern pr oducers do not all their goods directly to the final users. There is a clink between them and the final users such as the intermediaries, which are performing variety of functions and bearing a variety of naries.Some intermediaries-such as wholesalers and retailers-buys, take title to and resell the merchandise. They are called merchant middleman. Others such as brokers manufacturers representatives and sales agents search for customers, and may negotiate on behalf of the producer but do not take title to the goods. Skill others such as transportation companies, independents warehouses, banks and advertising agencies-assist in the performance of distribution but neither take title to goods non negotiate purchases of sales. They are called facilitators.Buck lines definition of marketing channel. A channel of distribution shall be considered to comprise a set of institution, which performs all of the activities (functions) utilized to move a product and its title from production to co nsumption. 2. 14SELECTION CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION Distribution of consumer goods five channels are widely used in the marketing off consumer products. In each of the channels the manufacturers also has the alternative of using sales branches or sale office. According to William J. Stanton five channel of distribution are. 1.Producer consumer this channel is the shorter simplest channel of distribution for consumer products is from the producer id from the producer to the consumer, with no middle men involves the producer may sell from house to house or by mail. 2. Producer retailer- consumer. May large retailer buy directly from manufacturers and agricultural producers. 3. Producer-wholesaler-retailer-consumer. If there is a traditional channel for consumer goods this is it. Small retailer. And small manufacturers by the thousands find this channel the only economically feasible choice. 4.Producer-agent-retailer-consumer instead to use a manufacturers agent, a broker or some other agent middlemen to re ach the retail market, especially large scale retailers. For example, a manufacturers or a glass clearer selected a food broker to reach the grocery store market, including the large chains. 5. Producer-agent-wholesaler-retailer-consumer. To reach small retailers the producers mentioned in the proceeding paragraph often used agent middlemen, who in turn call on the wholesaler who sell to small stores. Distribution of industrial goods, four types of channels is widely used in reaching industrial users†.Again a manufacturer may use a sales branch or a sales office to reach to next institution in the channel, or two levels of wholesalers may be used in some cases see 9fig. 2. 1). 1. Producer-industrial user. This direct channel accounts for a greater dollar volume of industrial products than any other distribution, such as locomotion generators, and beating plants usually sell directly to user. Figures 2. 1 Major marketing channels Available to producers. 2. PRODUCER-Industrial distributions-users: producers of operating suppliers and small accessory equipment frequently use industrial distributors to reach their markets.Manufacturers of building materials and air: Conditioning equipment are only two example firms that make heavy use of the industrial distributor. 3. Producer-agent-user: Firms without their own marketing department find this a desirable channel,. Also a company that wants to introduce a new product or enter a new market may prefer to use agents rather than its own sales force. 4. producer-agent-industrial distribution-user:This channel is similar to the preceding one, it is used when, for some reason it is not feasible to sell through agent directly to the industrial user.The unit sale may be too small for direct selling or decentralized inventory may be needed to supply users rapidly, in which case the storage service of an industrial distributor are required. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The purpose of this cha pter is to identify and state the various method in which data are been collected. 3. 1RESEARCH DESIGN This research work was aimed at finding out the product planning, distribution and management (NBC, PLC, ENUGU DISTRIC). This end focus was on getting information from the entire staff of personnel, accounts sales and distribution from which the sample size was used.Therefore, the researcher adopted survey research design for the work. This mean that questionnaires were administered as a means of collecting primary data. 3. 2METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION In collecting information for this study the researcher used both the primary and secondary source of data. 3. 2. 1PRIMARY DATA This includes all those materials or data which the researcher gathered at present because of the project understudy. 3. 2. 2SECONDARY DATA Secondary data includes all past data, which can be found in the organizations records and in libraries. 1.To obtain enough past data and all the libraries here in Enugu w ere made use of in eliciting information from various textbook, journals, and newspapers etc 3. 3POPULATION FOR THE STUDY The population of the study is the entire staff strength of NBC plc ENUGU DISTRIC which total up to about 500 staff. This population is made up of 130 senior staff and 370 junior staff. 3. 4SAMPLES AND SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION In order to obtain the sample size from the population the YARO YAMENI formula was used as a guide to arrive at the sample size N N = 1 + N (E)2 Where n = sample sizeN = population e = error estimate the researcher used 15% error estimate and the entire population is 500 therefore N = 500 e = 0. 15 N N = 1 + N (E)2 500500 1 + 5000 (0. 15)21 + 500 (0. 0225) 500 12. 25 8. = 41 So the number of questionnaire distributed is 41 3. 5RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS For this research project to be successful the researcher made use of the following instruments: i. Oral interview ii. Personal observation iii. Questionnaire 3. 5. 1ORAL INTERVIEW This is method instrument, which was prepared and used to elicit information for certain contradicting issues.This is imply face to face asking and answering question between the researcher and the staff of NBC PLC ENUGU DISTRICT. 3. 5. 2PERSONAL OBSERVATION This simply means the general perceptive or over view of the aggregate performance of the company and analysis of data so far collected and thereby value judgment and interpretations made. 3. 5. 3QUESTIONNAIRE The researcher used the structured or closed from of questionnaire where questions are asked and below it the expected responses to the answers are stated for the respondent to close any one that suit lim. 3. 6AREA OF STUDYThe area of study of this research work is the product planning, distribution, and management in NBC PLC ENUGU DISTRICT. 3. 7VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT The instrument used was constructed by the researcher on the directive of the supervisor who retted it and made necessary. Correction before it was finally type out and di stributed as research instrument (the questionnaire)> 3. 8RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT The various instrument used in this research work are very reliable because the researcher made use of liable and reliable instrument like the questionnaire which is sample in it’s approach and method of application. . 9METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS the data collected using the research instrument were analyzed using simple percentage and descriptive methods. Some response to the question were grouped and recorded so that frequencies and percentage could be computed. REFERENCES Odo P. O. Et Al (1999) Introduction to Project Writing Enugu, Sunny Enterprises Publishers. Melynk M. (1984) Principles of Applied statistics, New York Pergamon Press Inc. CHAPTER FOUR 4. 1 PRESENTATIONS AND ANALYSIS OF DATAThis chapter will deal with analysis and interpretation of primary data which was collected by administering questionnaire to the sample size in accordance with the research methodology stated in chap ter three. To make the analysis and interpretations meaningful some of the questions were grouped together table and descriptive method were used as shown below. TABLE 4. 1 DISTRIBUTIONS OF RESPONDENTS BY DEPARTMENT |Department |Response |Percentages | |Administration |13 |31. | |Marketing |7 |17. 1 | |Account |9 |21. 9 | |Distribution |5 |12. 2 | |Computer |7 |17. | |Total |41 |100. 00 | Source:Survey data 2005 from the above table 13 of the respondents that completed and returned the questionnaire were in administration department with 31. 7% were 7 of them are in marketing department with 17. 1%, 9 of them in accounts dept with 21. 9%, 5 in distribution with 12. 2 and the finally ones in computers dept is 7 with 17. 1%. TABLE 4. 2 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY CUSTOMERS, DEALERS AND STAFF Response |No of questionnaire |Percentages | |Customers |15 |36. 6 | |Dealer |14 |34. 2 | |Staff/mgt |12 |29. 2 | |Total |41 |100. 0 | Source:Field survey 2005 The table above shows that 15 q uestionnaires were distributed to customer with 36. 6 why 14 were given to dealers with 34. 2%, and 12 to staff with 29. 2%. TABLE 4. 3 QUESTION:DOES NBC PLC ENUGU DISTRICT OPERATES A GOOD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM |Response |No of questionnaire |Percentages | |Yes |30 |73. 7 | |No |11 |26. 83 | |Total |41 |100. 00 | SOURCE:survey data From the above table 30 respondents representing 73. 17% agreed that Nigerian Bottling company (NBC) PLC operates a good distribution system why 11 disagrees with 26. 83%. TABLE 4. 4RESPONSE ON THE IMPACT OF DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN CREATING CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION. |Response |No of questionnaire |Percentages | |Very effective |15 |36. 6 | |Ineffective |5 |12. 2 | |Indifferences |10 |24. | |Effective |11 |26. 8 | |Total |41 |100. 00 | Source:Survey data 2005 The above table shows that 15 respondents agreed that the impact of distribution/management strategy in creating customer satisfactions is very effective with 36. 6% while 5 disagrees, that if ineffective with 12. 2%, while 10 are indifference with 24. ^ and 11 agreed that it is effective. TABLE 4. 5 DOES ALL THE CUSTOMER AGREES ON THE PRICE OF THE COMPANY’S PRODUCT. |Response |No of questionnaire |Percentages | |Yes |30 |73. 17 | |No |11 |26. 83 | |Total |41 |100. 0 | From the above table, it shows that 30 respondents agrees that all the customers are aware of the price of the company’s products with 73. 17% while 11 disagrees that they are not aware with 26. 83%. TABLE 4. 6 DOES CUSTOMERS AGREES WITH THE QUALIFY OF THE COMPANY’S PRODUCT. | Response |No of questionnaire |Percentages | |Yes |32 |78. 5 | |No |9 |21. 95 | |Total |41 |100. 00 | Source:Survey data 2005 The above table shows that 32 respondents agreed that customers are satisfied with the qualify of the company’s product with 78. 05% while 9 disagrees with 21. 95%. TABLE 4. 7 ARE THERE FACTOR FOR IMPROVEMENT OF PRODUCT PLANNIN DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT. Response |No of questi onnaire |Percentages | |Yes